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Background  Rapeseed ( Brassica napus  L . ) has spring and winter genotypes adapted to different growing seasons. Winter genotypes do not flower before the onset of winter, thus leading to a longer vegetative growth period that promotes the accumulation and allocation of more resources to seed production. The development of winter genotypes enabled the rapeseed to spread rapidly from southern to northern Europe and other temperate regions of the world. The molecular basis underlying the evolutionary transition from spring- to winter- type rapeseed is not known, however, and needs to be elucidated.    Results  We fine-mapped the spring environment specific quantitative trait locus (QTL) for flowering time,  qFT10-4 ,in a doubled haploid (DH) mapping population of rapeseed derived from a cross between Tapidor (winter-type) and Ningyou7 (semi-winter) and delimited the  qFT10-4  to an 80-kb region on chromosome A10 of  B. napus . The  BnFLC.A10  gene, an ortholog of  FLOWERING LOCUS C  ( FLC ) in  Arabidopsis , was cloned from the QTL. We identified 12 polymorphic sites between  BnFLC.A10  parental alleles of the TN-DH population in the upstream region and in intron 1. Expression of both  BnFLC.A10  alleles decreased during vernalization, but decreased more slowly in the winter parent Tapidor. Haplotyping and association analysis showed that one of the polymorphic sites upstream of  BnFLC.A10  is strongly associated with the vernalization requirement of rapeseed (r  2   = 0.93,  χ   2   = 0.50). This polymorphic site is derived from a  Tourist -like miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) insertion/deletion in the upstream region of  BnFLC.A10 . The MITE sequence was not present in the  BnFLC.A10  gene in spring-type rapeseed, nor in ancestral ‘A’ genome species  B. rapa  genotypes. Our results suggest that the insertion may have occurred in winter rapeseed after  B. napus  speciation.    Conclusions  Our findings strongly suggest that (i)  BnFLC.A10  is the gene underlying  qFT10-4 , the QTL for phenotypic diversity of flowering time in the TN-DH population, (ii) the allelic diversity caused by MITE insertion/deletion upstream of  BnFLC.A10  is one of the major causes of differentiation of winter and spring genotypes in rapeseed and (iii) winter rapeseed has evolved from spring genotypes through selection pressure at the  BnFLC.A10  locus, enabling expanded cultivation of rapeseed along the route of  Brassica  domestication.

bmc plant biology

A Tourist-like MITE insertion in the upstream region of the BnFLC.A10 gene is associated with vernalization requirement in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)