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Background  Soil salinity adversely affects plant growth and development and disturbs intracellular ion homeostasis resulting cellular toxicity. The  Salt Overly Sensitive 1  ( SOS1 ) gene encodes a plasma membrane Na + /H +  antiporter that plays an important role in imparting salt stress tolerance to plants. Here, we report the cloning and characterisation of the  SbSOS1  gene from  Salicornia brachiata , an extreme halophyte.    Results  The  SbSOS1  gene is 3774 bp long and encodes a protein of 1159 amino acids.  SbSOS1  exhibited a greater level of constitutive expression in roots than in shoots and was further increased by salt stress. Overexpressing the  S. brachiata SbSOS1  gene in tobacco conferred high salt tolerance, promoted seed germination and increased root length, shoot length, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll, K + /Na +  ratio, membrane stability index, soluble sugar, proline and amino acid content relative to wild type (WT) plants. Transgenic plants exhibited reductions in electrolyte leakage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA content in response to salt stress, which probably occurred because of reduced cytosolic Na +  content and oxidative damage. At higher salt stress, transgenic tobacco plants exhibited reduced Na +  content in root and leaf and higher concentrations in stem and xylem sap relative to WT, which suggests a role of SbSOS1 in Na +  loading to xylem from root and leaf tissues. Transgenic lines also showed increased K +  and Ca 2+  content in root tissue compared to WT, which reflect that SbSOS1 indirectly affects the other transporters activity.    Conclusions  Overexpression of  SbSOS1  in tobacco conferred a high degree of salt tolerance, enhanced plant growth and altered physiological and biochemical parameters in response to salt stress. In addition to Na +  efflux outside the plasma membrane, SbSOS1 also helps to maintain variable Na +  content in different organs and also affect the other transporters activity indirectly. These results broaden the role of  SbSOS1 in planta  and suggest that this gene could be used to develop salt-tolerant transgenic crops.

The SbSOS1 gene from the extreme halophyte Salicornia brachiata enhances Na+loading in xylem and confers salt tolerance in transgenic tobacco