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Background  Dehydrins (DHNs) protect plant cells from desiccation damage during environmental stress, and also participate in host resistance to various pathogens. In this study, we aimed to identify and characterize the  DHN  gene families from  Vitis vinifera  and wild  V. yeshanensis , which is tolerant to both drought and cold, and moderately resistant to powdery mildew.    Results  Four  DHN  genes were identified in both  V. vinifera  and  V. yeshanensis , which shared a high sequence identity between the two species but little homology between the genes themselves. These genes were designated  DHN1 ,  DHN2 ,  DHN3  and  DHN4 . All four of the DHN proteins were highly hydrophilic and were predicted to be intrinsically disordered, but they differed in their isoelectric points, kinase selectivities and number of functional motifs. Also, the expression profiles of each gene differed appreciably from one another. Grapevine  DHN1  was not expressed in vegetative tissues under normal growth conditions, but was induced by drought, cold, heat, embryogenesis, as well as the application of abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). It was expressed earlier in  V. yeshanensis  under drought conditions than in  V. vinifera , and also exhibited a second round of up-regulation in  V. yeshanensi s following inoculation with  Erysiphe necator , which was not apparent in  V. vinifera . Like  DHN1 ,  DHN2  was induced by cold, heat, embryogenesis and ABA; however, it exhibited no responsiveness to drought,  E. necator  infection, SA or MeJA, and was also expressed constitutively in vegetative tissues under normal growth conditions. Conversely,  DHN3  was only expressed during seed development at extremely low levels, and  DHN4  was expressed specifically during late embryogenesis. Neither  DHN3  nor  DHN4  exhibited responsiveness to any of the treatments carried out in this study. Interestingly, the presence of particular  cis -elements within the promoter regions of each gene was positively correlated with their expression profiles.    Conclusions  The grapevine  DHN  family comprises four divergent members. While it is likely that their functions overlap to some extent, it seems that  DHN1  provides the main stress-responsive function. In addition, our results suggest a close relationship between expression patterns, physicochemical properties, and c is -regulatory elements in the promoter regions of the  DHN  genes.

Identification of the dehydrin gene family from grapevine species and analysis of their responsiveness to various forms of abiotic and biotic stress