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Background  The wild herb  Swertia mussotii  is a source of the anti-hepatitis compounds swertiamarin, mangiferin and gentiopicroside. Its over-exploitation has raised the priority of producing these compounds heterologously. Somatic hybridization represents a novel approach for introgressing  Swertia mussotii  genes into a less endangered species.    Results  Protoplasts derived from calli of  Bupleurum scorzonerifolium  and  S. mussotii  were fused to produce 194 putative hybrid cell lines, of which three (all derived from fusions where the  S. mussotii  protoplasts were pre-treated for 30 s with UV light) later differentiated into green plants. The hybridity of the calli was confirmed by a combination of isozyme, RAPD and chromosomal analysis. The hybrid calli genomes were predominantly  B. scorzonerifolium . GISH analysis of mitotic chromosomes confirmed that the irradiation of donor protoplasts increased the frequency of chromosome elimination and fragmentation. RFLP analysis of organellar DNA revealed that mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA of both parents coexisted and recombined in some hybrid cell lines. Some of the hybrid calli contained  SmG10H  from donor, and produced swertiamarin, mangiferin and certain volatile compounds characteristic of  S. mussotii . The expression of  SmG10H  (geraniol 10-hydroxylase) was associated with the heterologous accumulation of swertiamarin.    Conclusions  Somatic hybrids between  B. scorzonerifolium  and  S. mussotii  were obtained, hybrids selected all contained introgressed nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA from  S. mussotii ; and some produced more mangiferin than the donor itself. The introgression of  SmG10H  was necessary for the accumulation of swertiamarin.

Introgression of Swertia mussotii gene into Bupleurum scorzonerifoliumvia somatic hybridization