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Background  Parthenocarpy is a desirable trait in  Capsicum annuum  production because it improves fruit quality and results in a more regular fruit set. Previously, we identified several  C. annuum  genotypes that already show a certain level of parthenocarpy, and the seedless fruits obtained from these genotypes often contain carpel-like structures. In the  Arabidopsis bel1  mutant ovule integuments are transformed into carpels, and we therefore carefully studied ovule development in  C. annuum  and correlated aberrant ovule development and carpelloid transformation with parthenocarpic fruit set.    Results  We identified several additional  C. annuum  genotypes with a certain level of parthenocarpy, and confirmed a positive correlation between parthenocarpic potential and the development of carpelloid structures. Investigations into the source of these carpel-like structures showed that while the majority of the ovules in  C. annuum  gynoecia are unitegmic and anatropous, several abnormal ovules were observed, abundant at the top and base of the placenta, with altered integument growth. Abnormal ovule primordia arose from the placenta and most likely transformed into carpelloid structures in analogy to the  Arabidopsis bel1  mutant. When pollination was present fruit weight was positively correlated with seed number, but in the absence of seeds, fruit weight proportionally increased with the carpelloid mass and number.  Capsicum  genotypes with high parthenocarpic potential always showed stronger carpelloid development. The parthenocarpic potential appeared to be controlled by a single recessive gene, but no variation in coding sequence was observed in a candidate gene  CaARF8 .    Conclusions  Our results suggest that in the absence of fertilization most  C. annuum  genotypes, have parthenocarpic potential and carpelloid growth, which can substitute developing seeds in promoting fruit development.

Parthenocarpic potential in Capsicum annuumL. is enhanced by carpelloid structures and controlled by a single recessive gene