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Background   Verticillium  spp. are major pathogens of dicotyledonous plants such as cotton, tomato, olive or oilseed rape.  Verticillium  symptoms are often ambiguous and influenced by development and environment. The aim of the present study was to define disease and resistance traits of the complex  Verticillium longisporum  syndrome in  Arabidopsis thaliana  (L.) Heynh. A genetic approach was used to determine genetic, developmental and environmental factors controlling specific disease and resistance traits and to study their interrelations.    Results  A segregating F2/F3 population originating from ecotypes 'Burren' (Bur) and 'Landsberg  erecta ' (L er ) was established. Plants were root-dip inoculated and tested under greenhouse conditions. The  Verticillium  syndrome was dissected into components like systemic spread, stunting, development time and axillary branching. Systemic spread of  V. longisporum  via colonisation of the shoot was extensive in L er ; Bur showed a high degree of resistance against systemic spread. Fungal colonisation of the shoot apex was determined by (a) determining the percentage of plants from which the fungus could be re-isolated and (b) measuring fungal DNA content with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Four quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling systemic spread were identified for the percentage of plants showing fungal outgrowth, two of these QTL were confirmed with qPCR data. The degree of colonisation by  V. longisporum  was negatively correlated with development time. QTL controlling development time showed some overlap with QTL for resistance to systemic spread. Stunting depended on host genotype, development time and seasonal effects. Five QTL controlling this trait were identified which did not co-localize with QTL controlling systemic spread.  V. longisporum  induced increased axillary branching in Bur; two QTL controlling this reaction were found.    Conclusions  Systemic spread of  V. longisporum  in the host as well as resistance to this major disease trait are described for the first time in natural  A. thaliana  accessions. This creates the possibility to study a major resistance mechanism against vascular pathogens in this model plant and to clone relevant genes of the involved pathways. Stunting resistance and resistance to systemic spread were controlled by different QTL and should be treated as separate traits. Developmental and environmental effects on pathogenesis and resistance need to be considered when designing and interpreting experiments in research and breeding.

Genetic and environmental control of the Verticillium syndrome in Arabidopsis thaliana