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Background   Populus euphratica  is a salt tolerant and  Populus  ×  canescens  a salt sensitive poplar species. Because of low transcriptional responsiveness of  P. euphratica  to salinity we hypothesized that this species exhibits an innate activation of stress protective genes compared with salt sensitive poplars. To test this hypothesis, the transcriptome and metabolome of mature unstressed leaves of  P. euphratica  and  P . ×  canescens  were compared by whole genome microarray analyses and FT-ICR-MS metabolite profiling.    Results  Direct cross-species comparison of the transcriptomes of the two poplar species from phylogenetically different sections required filtering of the data set. Genes assigned to the GO slim categories 'mitochondria', 'cell wall', 'transport', 'energy metabolism' and 'secondary metabolism' were significantly enriched, whereas genes in the categories 'nucleus', 'RNA or DNA binding', 'kinase activity' and 'transcription factor activity' were significantly depleted in  P. euphratica  compared with  P . ×  canescens . Evidence for a general activation of stress relevant genes in  P. euphratica  was not detected. Pathway analyses of metabolome and transcriptome data indicated stronger accumulation of primary sugars, activation of pathways for sugar alcohol production, and faster consumption of secondary metabolites in  P. euphratica  compared to  P . ×  canescens . Physiological measurements showing higher respiration, higher tannin and soluble phenolic contents as well as enrichment of glucose and fructose in  P. euphratica  compared to  P . ×  canescens  corroborated the results of pathway analyses.    Conclusion   P. euphratica  does not rely on general over-expression of stress pathways to tolerate salt stress. Instead, it exhibits permanent activation of control mechanisms for osmotic adjustment (sugar and sugar alcohols), ion compartmentalization (sodium, potassium and other metabolite transporters) and detoxification of reactive oxygen species (phenolic compounds). The evolutionary adaptation of  P. euphratica  to saline environments is apparently linked with higher energy requirement of cellular metabolism and a loss of transcriptional regulation.

bmc plant biology

Pathway analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of salt sensitive and tolerant poplar species reveals evolutionary adaption of stress tolerance mechanisms