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Background  Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase (CAD) proteins function in lignin biosynthesis and play a critical role in wood development and plant defense against stresses. Previous phylogenetic studies did not include genes from seedless plants and did not reflect the deep evolutionary history of this gene family. We reanalyzed the phylogeny of  CAD  and  CAD-like  genes using a representative dataset including lycophyte and bryophyte sequences. Many  CAD/CAD-like  genes do not seem to be associated with wood development under normal growth conditions. To gain insight into the functional evolution of  CAD/CAD-like  genes, we analyzed their expression in  Populus  plant tissues in response to feeding damage by gypsy moth larvae ( Lymantria dispar  L.). Expression of  CAD/CAD-like  genes in  Populus  tissues (xylem, leaves, and barks) was analyzed in herbivore-treated and non-treated plants by real time quantitative RT-PCR.    Results   CAD family  genes were distributed in three classes based on sequence conservation. All the three classes are represented by seedless as well as seed plants, including the class of  bona fide  lignin pathway genes. The expression of some  CAD/CAD-like  genes that are not associated with xylem development were induced following herbivore damage in leaves, while other genes were induced in only bark or xylem tissues. Five of the  CAD/CAD-like  genes, however, showed a shift in expression from one tissue to another between non-treated and herbivore-treated plants. Systemic expression of the  CAD/CAD-like  genes was generally suppressed.    Conclusions  Our results indicated a correlation between the evolution of the  CAD  gene family and lignin and that the three classes of genes may have evolved in the ancestor of land plants. Our results also suggest that the  CAD/CAD-like  genes have evolved a diversity of expression profiles and potentially different functions, but that they are nonetheless co-regulated under stress conditions.

bmc plant biology

Phylogeny and expression profiling of CAD and CAD-like genes in hybrid Populus (P. deltoides × P. nigra): evidence from herbivore damage for subfunctionalization and functional divergence