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The mechanisms generating neural oscillations in the mammalian brainstem, particularly in the pre-Botzinger complex (pre-BotC) involved in control of respiration, and the spinal cord (e.g. circuits controlling locomotion) that persist after blockade of synaptic inhibition, remain poorly understood. Experimental studies in medullary slices from neonatal rodents containing the pre-BotC identified two mechanisms that could potentially contribute to generation of rhythmic bursting in the pre-BotC: one based on the persistent sodium current (INaP) [1,2], and the other involving the voltage-gated calcium (ICa) [3] and/or the calcium-activated nonspecific cation current (ICAN), activated by intracellular Ca2+ accumulated from extra- and/or intracellular sources [4]. However, the involvement and relative roles of these mechanisms in rhythmic bursting are still under debate.  In this theoretical/modeling study we investigated Na+- and Ca2+-dependent bursting generated in single cells and in a heterogeneous population of synaptically interconnected excitatory neurons with INaP, and ICa randomly distributed within the population. We analyzed the possible roles of network connections, ionotropic and metabotropic synaptic mechanisms, intracellular Ca2+ release, and the Na+/K+ pump in rhythmic bursting activity generated under different conditions. We show that the heterogeneous population of excitatory neurons can operate in different oscillatory regimes with bursting dependent on INaP and/or ICAN, or independent of both (Fig. ​(Fig.1).1). The oscillatory regime and operating bursting mechanism may depend on neuronal excitability, synaptic interactions and relative expression of particular ionic currents.    Figure 1  A map of bursting activities derived from multiple simulations of the excitatory neuron population and presented in a 2D parameter space (gtonic, ), where gtonic is the external excitatory drive to all neurons, N is the number of neurons in the population, ...    The existence of multiple oscillatory regimes and their state-dependency may provide explanations for different rhythmic activities observed in the brainstem and spinal cord under different experimental conditions.

Modeling Na+- and Ca2+-dependent mechanisms of rhythmic bursting in excitatory neural networks