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Long-term addicts find themselves powerless to resist drugs, despite knowing that drug-taking may be a harmful course of action, and an explicit motivation to quit. In controlled experiments, human addicts show a selfdescribed mistake characterized by an inconsistency between drug-seeking response and their reported subjective value. We provide a unified computational theory for this inconsistency by showing how addictive drugs gradually produce a motivational bias toward drug-seeking at low-level habitual decision processes, despite the low abstract cognitive values. This pathology emerges within the hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) framework when chronic drug-exposure pharmacologically hijacks the dopaminergic spirals that cascade reinforcement signal down the ventro-dorsal cortico-striatal hierarchy.

Drug-dominated dopamine circuits spiral addicts down to a cognitive/behavioral conflict: a neurocomputational theory