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The irregular activity of neurons in the cortex (1) is thought to arise from strong input fluctuations (2), which result from a balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs (3). This is called the balanced state of cortical networks. However, recent studies of the underlying dynamics of the balanced state have led to contrary results, strongly depending on the used single neuron models (3, 4). Here, we study the network dynamics of sparsely coupled theta neurons in the balanced state. The theta neuron model has an active spike generating mechanism and is the standard form of type I neurons (5). In a random matrix approximation of the Jacobian, we derive an expression for the mean Lyapunov exponent. By analyzing the full set of Lyapunov exponents and the maximal Lyapunov vector in a numerically exact way, we reveal extensive spatio-temporal deterministic chaos. The studied networks exhibit high-dimensional chaotic attractors, giving rise to many dynamical degrees of freedom to encode information. At the same time, the intrinsic entropy production is surprisingly high, limiting information processing to the immediate stimulus response. Purely inhibitorily coupled networks

Extensive chaotic dynamics in neural networks in the balanced state