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Background   C. glutamicum  has traditionally been grown in neutral-pH media for amino acid production, but in a previous article we reported that this microorganism is a moderate alkaliphile since it grows optimally at pH 7.0–9.0, as shown in fermentor studies under tightly controlled pH conditions. We determined the best pH values to study differential expression of several genes after acidic or basic pH conditions (pH 6.0 for acidic expression and pH 9.0 for alkaline expression). Thus, it was interesting to perform a detailed analysis of the pH-adaptation response of the proteome of  C. glutamicum  ATCC 13032 to clarify the circuits involved in stress responses in this bacterium. In this paper we used the above indicated pH conditions, based on transcriptional studies, to confirm that pH adaptation results in significant changes in cytoplasmatic and membrane proteins.    Results  The cytoplasmatic and membrane proteome of  Corynebacterium glutamicum  ATCC 13032 at different pH conditions (6.0, 7.0 and 9.0) was analyzed by classical 2D-electrophoresis, and by anion exchange chromatography followed by SDS-PAGE (AIEC/SDS-PAGE). A few cytoplasmatic proteins showed differential expression at the three pH values with the classical 2D-technique including a hypothetical protein  cg 2797, L-2.3-butanediol dehydrogenase (ButA), and catalase (KatA). The AIEC/SDS-PAGE technique revealed several membrane proteins that respond to pH changes, including the succinate dehydrogenase complex (SdhABCD), F 0 F 1 -ATP synthase complex subunits b, α and δ (AtpF, AtpH and AtpA), the nitrate reductase II α subunit (NarG), and a hypothetical secreted/membrane protein  cg 0752. Induction of the F 0 F 1 -ATP synthase complex β subunit (AtpD) at pH 9.0 was evidenced by Western analysis. By contrast, L-2.3-butanediol dehydrogenase (ButA), an ATPase with chaperone activity, the ATP-binding subunit (ClpC) of an ATP-dependent protease complex, a 7 TMHs hypothetical protein  cg 0896, a conserved hypothetical protein  cg 1556, and the dihydrolipoamide acyltransferase SucB, were clearly up-regulated at pH 6.0.    Conclusion  The observed protein changes explain the effect of the extracellular pH on the growth and physiology of  C. glutamicum . Some of the proteins up-regulated at alkaline pH respond also to other stress factors suggesting that they serve to integrate the cell response to different stressing conditions.

Response of the cytoplasmic and membrane proteome of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 to pH changes