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Background   Mycobacterium avium  is an environmental mycobacterium that can be divided into the subspecies  avium ,  hominissuis, paratuberculosis  and  silvaticum . Some  M. avium  subspecies are opportunistic pathogens for animals and humans. They are ubiquitous in nature and can be isolated from natural sources of water, soil, plants and bedding material. Isolates of  M. avium  originating from humans (n = 37), pigs (n = 51) and wild birds (n = 10) in Norway were examined by IS 1245  and IS 1311  RFLP using new and specific probes and for the presence of IS 901  and IS Mpa1  by PCR. Analysis and generation of a dendrogram were performed with the software BioNumerics.    Results  IS 1311  RFLP provided clear results that were easy to interpret, while IS 1245  RFLP generated more complex patterns with a higher discriminatory power. The combination of the two methods gave additional discrimination between isolates. All avian isolates except one were  M. avium  subsp.  avium  with two copies of IS 1311  and one copy of IS 1245 , while the isolates of human and porcine origin belonged to  M. avium  subsp. hominissuis . The isolates from human patients were distributed randomly among the clusters of porcine isolates. There were few identical isolates. However, one isolate from a human patient was identical to a porcine isolate. Regional differences were detected among the porcine isolates, while there was no clustering of human isolates according to type of clinical symptoms or geographical location of the patient's home addresses.    Conclusion  The results demonstrate that a wide range of  M. avium  subsp. hominissuis  are present in pigs and humans in Norway, and that some of these isolates are very similar. It remains to be determined whether humans are infected from pigs or if they are infected from common environmental sources.

bmc microbiology

New probes used for IS1245 and IS1311 restriction fragment length polymorphism of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis isolates of human and animal origin in Norway