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Background   Wangiella dermatitidis  is a human pathogenic fungus that is an etiologic agent of phaeohyphomycosis.  W. dermatitidis  produces a black pigment that has been identified as a dihydroxynaphthalene melanin and the production of this pigment is associated with its virulence. Cell wall pigmentation in  W. dermatitidis  depends on the  WdPKS1  gene, which encodes a polyketide synthase required for generating the key precursor for dihydroxynaphthalene melanin biosynthesis.    Results  We analyzed the effects of disrupting  WdPKS1  on dihydroxynaphthalene melanin production and resistance to antifungal compounds. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that  wdpks1 Δ -1  yeast had thinner cell walls that lacked an electron-opaque layer compared to wild-type cells. However, digestion of the  wdpks1 Δ -1  yeast revealed small black particles that were consistent with a melanin-like compound, because they were acid-resistant, reacted with melanin-binding antibody, and demonstrated a free radical signature by electron spin resonance analysis. Despite lacking the  WdPKS1  gene, the mutant yeast were capable of catalyzing the formation of melanin from L-3,4-dihyroxyphenylalanine. The  wdpks1 Δ -1  cells were significantly more susceptible to killing by voriconazole, amphotericin B, NP-1 [a microbicidal peptide], heat and cold, and lysing enzymes than the heavily melanized parental or complemented strains.    Conclusion  In summary,  W. dermatitidis  makes  WdPKS -dependent and -independent melanins, and the  WdPKS1- dependent deposition of melanin in the cell wall confers protection against antifungal agents and environmental stresses. The biological role of the  WdPKS -independent melanin remains unclear.

bmc microbiology

Effects of disrupting the polyketide synthase gene WdPKS1 in Wangiella [Exophiala] dermatitidis on melanin production and resistance to killing by antifungal compounds, enzymatic degradation, and extremes in temperature