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Background  Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by several species of  Fusarium  genus, most notably  Fusarium graminearum  and  Fusarium culmorum . This resorcylic acid lactone is one of the most important toxins causing serious animal and human diseases. For over two decades it has been known that the mycoparasitic fungus  Clonostachys rosea  (synonym:  Gliocladium roseum , teleomorph:  Bionectria ochroleuca ) can detoxify zearalenone, however no such attributes have been described within the  Trichoderma  genus.    Results  We screened for the presence of zearalenone lactonohydrolase homologs in isolates of  Clonostachys  and  Trichoderma  genera. We report first finding of expressed zearalenone lactonohydrolase in  Trichoderma aggressivum . For three isolates ( T. aggressivum, C. rosea  and  Clonostachys catenulatum  isolates), we were able to reconstruct full coding sequence and verify the biotransformation ability potential. Additionally, we assessed progression of the detoxification process (in terms of transcript accumulation and mycotoxin decomposition  in vitro ).   In silico,  search for origins of zearalenone lactonohydrolase activity in model fungal and bacterial genomes has shown that zearalenone lactonohydrolase homologs form a monophyletic fungal clade among the a/b hydrolase superfamily representatives. We corroborated the finding of functional enzyme homologs by investigating the functional sites (active site pocket with postulated, noncanonical Ser-Glu-His catalytic triad) conserved in both multiple sequence alignment and in homology-based structural models.    Conclusions  Our research shows the first finding of a functional zearalenone lactonohydrolase in mycoparasitic  Trichoderma aggressivum  (an activity earlier characterised in the  Clonostachys rosea  strains). The supporting evidence for presence and activity of functional enzyme homologs is based on the chemical analyses, gene expression patterns, homology models showing conservation of key structural features and marked reduction of zearalenone content in cultured samples (containing both medium and mycelium). Our findings also show divergent strategies of zearalenone biotransformation ability (rapid induced expression and detoxification vs. gradual detoxification) present in several members of  Hypocreales  order ( Trichoderma  and  Clonostachys  genera). The potential for lactonhydrolase activity directed towards zearalenone and/or similar compounds is likely ancient, with homologs present in several divergent filamentous fungi among both  Sordariomycetes  ( Bionectria  sp.,  Trichoderma  sp.,  Apiospora montagnei ) and  Leotiomycetes  ( Marssonina brunnea  f. sp. ‘multigermtubi’).

Zearalenone lactonohydrolase activity in Hypocreales and its evolutionary relationships within the epoxide hydrolase subset of a/b-hydrolases