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Background  Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by  Leishmania siamensis  is an emerging disease continuously reported in six southern provinces of Thailand. To date, the phylogenetic relationships among  Leishmania  isolates from Thai patients and other  Leishmania  species are still unclear and the taxonomic diversity needs to be established. In this study, the phylogenetic inference trees were constructed based on four genetic loci (i.e., SSU-rRNA, ITS1,  hsp 70, and  cyt  b), using DNA sequences obtained from autochthonous VL patients from southern Thailand and reference sequences of reported  Leishmania  isolates from other studies deposited in GenBank.    Results  Phylogenetic analyses of  hsp 70 and  cyt  b loci supported a clade comprised of  L. siamensis  isolates, which is independent to the other members in the genus  Leishmania . In combination with genetic distance analysis, sequence polymorphisms were observed among  L. siamensis  isolates and two different lineages could be differentiated, lineages PG and TR. Phylogenetic analysis of the  cyt  b gene further showed that  L. siamensis  lineage TR is closely related to  L. enrietti , a parasite of guinea pigs.    Conclusion  The finding of this study sheds further light on the relationships of  L. siamensis , both in intra- and inter-species aspects. This information would be useful for further in-depth studies on the biological properties of this important parasite.

bmc microbiology

Multilocus characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Leishmania siamensis isolated from autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis cases, southern Thailand