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Background   Halomonas  sp. ZM3 was isolated from Zelazny Most post-flotation mineral waste repository (Poland), which is highly contaminated with heavy metals and various organic compounds. Mobile DNA of the strain (i.e. plasmids and transposons) were analyzed in order to identify genetic information enabling adaptation of the bacterium to the harsh environmental conditions.    Results  The analysis revealed that ZM3 carries plasmid pZM3H1 (31,370 bp), whose replication system may be considered as an archetype of a novel subgroup of IncU-like replicons. pZM3H1 is a narrow host range, mobilizable plasmid (encodes a relaxase of the MOB V  family) containing mercury resistance operon ( mer ) and  czcD  genes (mediate resistance to zinc and cobalt), which are part of a large truncated Tn 3  family transposon. Further analysis demonstrated that the phenotypes determined by the pZM3H1 resistance cassette are highly dependent on the host strain. In another strand of the study, the trap plasmid pMAT1 was employed to identify functional transposable elements of  Halomonas  sp. ZM3. Using the  sacB  positive selection strategy two insertion sequences were identified: IS Hsp1  - representing IS 5  group of IS 5  family and IS Hsp2  - a distinct member of the I S630  family.    Conclusions  This study provides the first detailed description of mobile DNA in a member of the family  Halomonadaceae . The identified IncU plasmid pZM3H1 confers resistance phenotypes enabling adaptation of the host strain to the Zelazny Most environment. The extended comparative analysis has shed light on the distribution of related IncU plasmids among bacteria, which, in many cases, reflects the frequency and direction of horizontal gene transfer events. Our results also identify plasmid-encoded modules, which may form the basis of novel shuttle vectors, specific for this group of halophilic bacteria.

Characterization of Halomonassp. ZM3 isolated from the Zelazny Most post-flotation waste reservoir, with a special focus on its mobile DNA