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Background  The emergence, resurgence and spread of human food-borne pathogenic  Vibrios  are one of the major contributors to disease burden and mortality particularly in developing countries with disputable sanitary conditions. Previous research on pathogenic  Vibrio cholerae  and  Vibrio parahaemolitycus  derived from clinical samples has proposed links between acquisition of virulence and multiple drug resistance traits and intercellular transmissibility of mobile genetic elements in the environment. To date, very few information is available on environmental  Vibrio  isolates. In this study, we characterized eleven  Vibrio  strains bearing the SXT/R391-like integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) derived from aquatic products and environment in the Yangtze River Estuary, China.    Results  The eleven  Vibrio  strains were isolated in 2010 to 2011, and taxonomically identified, which included six  Vibrio cholerae , three  Vibrio parahaemolyticus , one  Vibrio alginolyticus  and one  Vibrio natriegens . Most of the strains displayed strong resistance phenotypes to ampicillin, mercury and chromium. The majority of their ICEs, which belong to S and R exclusion system groups, contain ICEs-chromosome junction sequences and highly conserved core-genes required for ICE transfer. However, comparative sequence analysis uncovered interesting diversity in their mosaic accessory gene structures, which carry many novel genes that have not been described in any known ICEs to date. In addition, antibiotic resistance was transmitted by ICE Vch Chn6 and ICE Vpa Chn1 from  V. cholerae ,  V. parahaemolyticus  to  E. coli  MG1655 via conjugation, respectively. Our data also revealed that the ICEs characterized in this study are phylogenetically distant from most of the SXT/R391 ICEs reported previously, which may represent a novel cluster likely shaped by the ecological environment in the Yangtze River Estuary, China.    Conclusions  This study constitutes the first investigation of ICEs-positive  Vibrio  spp. in the Yangze River Estuary, China. The newly identified ICEs were characterized with mosaic accessory gene structures and many novel genes. The results demonstrated self-transmissibility of antibiotic resistance mediated by two of the ICEs from  V. cholerae ,  V. parahaemolyticus  to  E. coli  via conjugation, respectively. Our results also revealed that the ICEs examined in this study may represent a novel cluster in the SXT/R391 family.

bmc microbiology

The mosaic accessory gene structures of the SXT/R391-like integrative and conjugative elements derived from Vibrio spp. isolated from aquatic products and environment in the Yangtze River estuary, China