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Background   Wolbachia  is a genus of endosymbiotic α-Proteobacteria infecting a wide range of arthropods and filarial nematodes.  Wolbachia  is able to induce reproductive abnormalities such as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), thelytokous parthenogenesis, feminization and male killing, thus affecting biology, ecology and evolution of its hosts. The bacterial group has prompted research regarding its potential for the control of agricultural and medical disease vectors, including  Glossina  spp., which transmits African trypanosomes, the causative agents of sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals.    Results  In the present study, we employed a  Wolbachia  specific  16S rRNA  PCR assay to investigate the presence of  Wolbachia  in six different laboratory stocks as well as in natural populations of nine different  Glossina  species originating from 10 African countries.  Wolbachia  was prevalent in  Glossina morsitans morsitans ,  G. morsitans centralis  and  G. austeni  populations. It was also detected in  G. brevipalpis , and, for the first time, in  G. pallidipes  and  G. palpalis gambiensis . On the other hand,  Wolbachia  was not found in  G. p. palpalis ,  G. fuscipes fuscipes  and  G. tachinoides .  Wolbachia  infections of different laboratory and natural populations of  Glossina  species were characterized using  16S rRNA , the  wsp  (Wolbachia Surface Protein) gene and MLST (Multi Locus Sequence Typing) gene markers. This analysis led to the detection of horizontal gene transfer events, in which  Wobachia  genes were inserted into the tsetse flies fly nuclear genome.    Conclusions   Wolbachia  infections were detected in both laboratory and natural populations of several different  Glossina  species. The characterization of these  Wolbachia  strains promises to lead to a deeper insight in tsetse flies- Wolbachia  interactions, which is essential for the development and use of  Wolbachia -based biological control methods.

Detection and characterization of Wolbachia infections in laboratory and natural populations of different species of tsetse flies (genus Glossina)