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Background   Wolbachia  are bacterial endosymbionts of many arthropod species in which they manipulate reproductive functions. The distribution of these bacteria in the  Drosophila  ovarian cells at different stages of oogenesis has been amply described. The pathways along which  Wolbachia  influences  Drosophila  oogenesis have been, so far, little studied. It is known that  Wolbachia  are abundant in the somatic stem cell niche of the  Drosophila  germarium. A checkpoint, where programmed cell death, or apoptosis, can occur, is located in region 2a/2b of the germarium, which comprises niche cells. Here we address the question whether or not the presence of  Wolbachia  in germarium cells can affect the frequency of cyst apoptosis in the checkpoint.    Results  Our current fluorescent microscopic observations showed that the wMel and wMelPop strains had different effects on female germline cells of  D. melanogaster.  The  Wolbachia  strain wMel did not affect the frequency of apoptosis in cells of the germarium. The presence of the  Wolbachia  strain wMelPop in the  D. melanogaster w1118   ovaries increased the number of germaria where cells underwent apoptosis in the checkpoint. Based on the appearance in the electron microscope, there was no difference in morphological features of apoptotic cystocytes between  Wolbachia -infected and uninfected flies. Bacteria with normal ultrastructure and large numbers of degenerating bacteria were found in the dying cyst cells.    Conclusions  Our current study demonstrated that the  Wolbachia  strain wMelPop affects the egg chamber formation in the  D. melanogaster  ovaries. This led to an increase in the number of germaria containing apoptotic cells. It is suggested that  Wolbachia  can adversely interfere either with the cystocyte differentiation into the oocyte or with the division of somatic stem cells giving rise to follicle cells and, as a consequence, to improper ratio of germline cells to follicle cells and, ultimately, to apoptosis of cysts. There was no similar adverse effect in  D. melanogaster  Canton S infected with the  Wolbachia  strain wMel. This was taken to mean that the observed increase in frequency of apoptosis was not the general effect of  Wolbachia  on germline cells of  D. melanogaster , it was rather induced by the virulent  Wolbachia  strain wMelPop.

The virulent Wolbachia strain wMelPop increases the frequency of apoptosis in the female germline cells of Drosophila melanogaster