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Background   Wolbachia  are vertically transmitted bacteria known to be the most widespread endosymbiont in arthropods. They induce various alterations of the reproduction of their host, including feminization of genetic males in isopod crustaceans. In the pill bug  Armadillidium vulgare , the presence of  Wolbachia  is also associated with detrimental effects on host fertility and lifespan. Deleterious effects have been demonstrated on hemocyte density, phenoloxidase activity, and natural hemolymph septicemia, suggesting that infected individuals could have defective immune capacities. Since nothing is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in  Wolbachia - A. vulgare  interactions and its secondary immunocompetence modulation, we developed a transcriptomics strategy and compared  A. vulgare  gene expression between  Wolbachia -infected animals ( i.e. , “symbiotic” animals) and uninfected ones ( i.e. , “asymbiotic” animals) as well as between animals challenged or not challenged by a pathogenic bacteria.    Results  Since very little genetic data is available on  A. vulgare , we produced several EST libraries and generated a total of 28 606 ESTs. Analyses of these ESTs revealed that immune processes were over-represented in most experimental conditions (responses to a symbiont and to a pathogen). Considering canonical crustacean immune pathways, these genes encode antimicrobial peptides or are involved in pathogen recognition, detoxification, and autophagy. By RT-qPCR, we demonstrated a general trend towards gene under-expression in symbiotic whole animals and ovaries whereas the same gene set tends to be over-expressed in symbiotic immune tissues.    Conclusion  This study allowed us to generate the first reference transcriptome ever obtained in the Isopoda group and to identify genes involved in the major known crustacean immune pathways encompassing cellular and humoral responses. Expression of immune-related genes revealed a modulation of host immunity when females are infected by  Wolbachia , including in ovaries, the crucial tissue for the  Wolbachia  route of transmission.

Feminizing Wolbachia: a transcriptomics approach with insights on the immune response genes in Armadillidium vulgare