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Background  Extraintestinal pathogenic  Escherichia coli  are important pathogens of human and animal hosts. Some human and avian extraintestinal pathogenic  E. coli  are indistinguishable on the basis of diseases caused, multilocus sequence and phylogenetic typing, carriage of large virulence plasmids and traits known to be associated with extraintestinal pathogenic  E. coli  virulence.    Results  The gene  tkt1  identified by a previous signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis study, was found on a 16-kb genomic island of avian pathogenic  Escherichia coli  (APEC) O1, the first pathogenic  Escherichia coli  strain whose genome has been completely sequenced.  tkt1  was present in 39.6% (38/96) of pathogenic  Escherichia coli  strains, while only 6.25% (3/48) of  E. coli  from the feces of apparently healthy chickens was positive. Further,  tkt1  was predominantly present in extraintestinal pathogenic  E. coli  belonging to the B2 phylogenetic group, as compared to extraintestinal pathogenic  E. coli  of other phylogenetic groups. The  tkt1 -containing genomic island is inserted between the  metE  and  ysgA  genes of the  E. coli  K12 genome. Among different extraintestinal pathogenic  E. coli  of the B2 phylogenetic group, 61.7% of pathogenic  Escherichia coli , 80.6% of human uropathogenic  E.coli  and 94.1% of human neonatal meningitis-causing  E. coli , respectively, harbor a complete copy of this island; whereas, only a few avian fecal  E. coli  strains contained the complete island. Functional analysis showed that Tkt1 confers very little transketolase activity but is involved in peptide nitrogen metabolism.    Conclusion  These results suggest  tkt1  and its corresponding genomic island are frequently associated with avian and human ExPEC and are involved in bipeptide metabolism.

tkt1, located on a novel pathogenicity island, is prevalent in avian and human extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli