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Background  The alphaproteobacterium  Wolbachia pipientis , the most common endosymbiont in eukaryotes, is found predominantly in insects including many  Drosophila  species. Although  Wolbachia  is primarily vertically transmitted, analysis of its genome provides evidence for frequent horizontal transfer, extensive recombination and numerous mobile genetic elements. The genome sequence of  Wolbachia  in  Drosophila simulans  Riverside ( w Ri) is available along with the integrated bacteriophages, enabling a detailed examination of phage genes and the role of these genes in the biology of  Wolbachia  and its host organisms.  Wolbachia  is widely known for its ability to modify the reproductive patterns of insects. One particular modification, cytoplasmic incompatibility, has previously been shown to be dependent on  Wolbachia  density and inversely related to the titer of lytic phage. The  w Ri genome has four phage regions, two WORiBs, one WORiA and one WORiC.    Results  In this study specific primers were designed to distinguish between these four prophage types in  w Ri, and quantitative PCR was used to measure the titer of bacteriophages in testes, ovaries, embryos and adult flies. In all tissues tested, WORiA and WORiB were not found to be present in excess of their integrated prophages; WORiC, however, was found to be present extrachromosomally. WORiC is undergoing extrachromosomal replication in  w Ri. The density of phage particles was found to be consistent in individual larvae in a laboratory population. The WORiC genome is organized in conserved blocks of genes and aligns most closely with other known lytic WO phages, WOVitA and WOCauB.    Conclusions  The results presented here suggest that WORiC is the lytic form of WO in  D. simulans , is undergoing extrachromosomal replication in  w Ri, and belongs to a conserved family of phages in  Wolbachia .

The bacteriophage WORiC is the active phage element in wRi of Drosophila simulans and represents a conserved class of WO phages