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Background   Streptomyces  species are a major source of antibiotics. They usually grow slowly at their optimal temperature and fermentation of industrial strains in a large scale often takes a long time, consuming more energy and materials than some other bacterial industrial strains (e.g.,  E. coli  and  Bacillus ). Most thermophilic  Streptomyces  species grow fast, but no gene cloning systems have been developed in such strains.    Results  We report here the isolation of 41 fast-growing (about twice the rate of  S. coelicolor ), moderately thermophilic (growing at both 30°C and 50°C)  Streptomyces  strains, detection of one linear and three circular plasmids in them, and sequencing of a 6996-bp plasmid, pTSC1, from one of them. pTSC1-derived pCWH1 could replicate in both thermophilic and mesophilic  Streptomyces  strains. On the other hand, several  Streptomyces  replicons function in thermophilic  Streptomyces  species. By examining ten well-sporulating strains, we found two promising cloning hosts, 2C and 4F. A gene cloning system was established by using the two strains. The actinorhodin and anthramycin biosynthetic gene clusters from mesophilic  S. coelicolor  A3(2) and thermophilic  S. refuineus  were heterologously expressed in one of the hosts.    Conclusions  We have developed a gene cloning and expression system in a fast-growing and moderately thermophilic  Streptomyces  species. Although just a few plasmids and one antibiotic biosynthetic gene cluster from mesophilic  Streptomyces  were successfully expressed in thermophilic  Streptomyces  species, we expect that by utilizing thermophilic  Streptomyces -specific promoters, more genes and especially antibiotic genes clusters of mesophilic  Streptomyces  should be heterologously expressed.

bmc microbiology

Development of a gene cloning system in a fast-growing and moderately thermophilic Streptomyces species and heterologous expression of Streptomyces antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters