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Background  Health-promoting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are abundant in forages grazed by ruminants and in vegetable and fish oils used as dietary supplements, but only a small proportion of PUFA finds its way into meat and milk, because of biohydrogenation in the rumen.  Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens  plays a major role in this activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which PUFA affect the growth of  B. fibrisolvens , how PUFA are metabolized and the metabolic response to growth in the presence of PUFA.    Results  Linoleic acid (LA;  cis -9,  cis -12-18:2) and α-linolenic acid (LNA;  cis -9,  cis -12,  cis -15-18:3) increased the lag phase of  B. fibrisolvens  JW11, LNA having the greater effect. Growth was initiated only when the PUFA had been converted to vaccenic acid (VA;  trans- 11-18:1). The major fish oil fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5( n- 3)) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6( n- 3)), were not metabolized and prevented growth. Cellular integrity, as determined fluorimetrically by propidium iodide (PI) ingression, was affected as much by 18:1 fatty acids, including VA, as 18:2 fatty acids. The methyl esters of LNA, LA, EPA and DHA had no effect on growth or other measurements. The ATP pool decreased by 2/3 when LA was added to growing bacteria, whereas most acyl CoA pools decreased by >96%.    Conclusions  It was concluded that biohydrogenation occurs to enable  B. fibrisolvens  to survive the bacteriostatic effects of PUFA, and that the toxicity of PUFA is probably mediated via a metabolic effect rather than disruption of membrane integrity.

Toxicity of unsaturated fatty acids to the biohydrogenating ruminal bacterium, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens