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Background   Escherichia coli  is a commensal bacterium of the gastro-intestinal tract of human and vertebrate animals, although the aquatic environment could be a secondary habitat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydrological conditions on the structure of the  E. coli  population in the water of a creek on a small rural watershed in France composed of pasture and with human occupation.    Results  It became apparent, after studying the distribution in the four main  E. coli  phylo-groups (A, B1, B2, D), the presence of the  hly  (hemolysin) gene and the antibiotic resistance pattern, that the  E. coli  population structure was modified not only by the hydrological conditions (dry versus wet periods, rainfall events), but also by how the watershed was used (presence or absence of cattle). Isolates of the B1 phylo-group devoid of  hly  and sensitive to antibiotics were particularly abundant during the dry period. During the wet period and the rainfall events, contamination from human sources was predominantly characterized by strains of the A phylo-group, whereas contamination by cattle mainly involved B1 phylo-group strains resistant to antibiotics and exhibiting  hly . As  E. coli  B1 was the main phylo-group isolated in water, the diversity of 112  E. coli  B1 isolates was further investigated by studying  uidA  alleles (beta-D-glucuronidase), the presence of  hly , the O-type, and antibiotic resistance. Among the forty epidemiolgical types (ETs) identified, five  E. coli  B1 ETs were more abundant in slightly contaminated water.    Conclusions  The structure of an  E. coli  population in water is not stable, but depends on the hydrological conditions and on current use of the land on the watershed. In our study it was the ratio of A to B1 phylo-groups that changed. However, a set of B1 phylo-group isolates seems to be persistent in water, strengthening the hypothesis that they may correspond to specifically adapted strains.

Influence of hydrological conditions on the Escherichia coli population structure in the water of a creek on a rural watershed