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Background   Yersinia enterocolitica  is an enteric pathogen that invades the intestinal mucosa and proliferates within the lymphoid follicles (Peyer's patches). The attachment invasion locus ( ail ) mediates invasion by  Y. enterocolitica  and confers an invasive phenotype upon non-invasive  E. coli ;  ail  is the primary virulence factor of  Y. enterocolitica . The ferrioxamine receptor ( foxA ) located on the  Y. enterocolitica  chromosome, together with its transport protein, transports a siderophore specific for ferric ion. Currently,  ail  is the primary target gene for nucleic acid detection of pathogenic  Y. enterocolitica .    Results  The genes  ail  and  foxA  in 271 pathogenic and 27 non-pathogenic  Y. enterocolitica  strains isolated from China and 10 reference strains were sequenced, aligned, compared to the  ail  and  foxA  sequences of  Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. enterocolitica  8081 (Genbank:  NC_008800 ), and analyzed for sequence polymorphism. The  ail  from the 282 strains showed 3 sequence patterns: 277 strains of serotypes O:3, O:9 and O:5, 27 with identical nucleic acid sequences formed pattern A1; 4 strains of serotype 1B/O:8 with identical nucleic acid sequences formed pattern A2; and one Chinese isolate 2/O:9 formed pattern A3. In the primary coding region of the  foxA  ORF (Genebank:  X60447  nt 433-1866; nt 28 to 1,461 in the ORF), the sequences formed 3 groups and were further divided into 8 sequence patterns.    Conclusion  The  ail  and  foxA  loci of pathogenic  Y. enterocolitica  have been analyzed. The  ail  sequence was highly conserved among the same serotype strains from different sources; and  foxA  was highly conserved among the pathogenic strains, although there was some sequence diversity. Fewer strains were used from outside China, which is a limitation of the study.

Possible use of ail and foxA polymorphisms for detecting pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica