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Background   Photorhabdus  are Gram negative bacteria that are pathogenic to insect larvae whilst also having a mutualistic interaction with nematodes from the family  Heterorhabditis . Iron is an essential nutrient and bacteria have different mechanisms for obtaining both the ferrous (Fe 2+ ) and ferric (Fe 3+ ) forms of this metal from their environments. In this study we were interested in analyzing the role of Fe 3+  and Fe 2+  iron uptake systems in the ability of  Photorhabdus  to interact with its invertebrate hosts.    Results  We constructed targeted deletion mutants of  exbD ,  feoABC  and  yfeABCD  in  P. luminescens  TT01. The  exbD  mutant was predicted to be crippled in its ability to obtain Fe 3+  and we show that this mutant does not grow well in iron-limited media. We also show that this mutant was avirulent to the insect but was unaffected in its symbiotic interaction with  Heterorhabditis . Furthermore we show that a mutation in  feoABC  (encoding a predicted Fe 2+  permease) was unaffected in both virulence and symbiosis whilst the divalent cation transporter encoded by  yfeABCD  is required for virulence in the Tobacco Hornworm,  Manduca sexta  (Lepidoptera) but not in the Greater Wax Moth,  Galleria mellonella  (Lepidoptera). Moreover the Yfe transporter also appears to have a role during colonization of the IJ stage of the nematode.    Conclusion  In this study we show that iron uptake (via the TonB complex and the Yfe transporter) is important for the virulence of  P. luminescens  to insect larvae. Moreover this study also reveals that the Yfe transporter appears to be involved in Mn 2+ -uptake during growth in the gut lumen of the IJ nematode. Therefore, the Yfe transporter in  P. luminescens  TT01 is important during colonization of both the insect and nematode and, moreover, the metal ion transported by this pathway is host-dependent.

The role of iron uptake in pathogenicity and symbiosis in Photorhabdus luminescens TT01