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Background  Immunological and genetic findings implicate Th17 effector cytokines in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Expression of Th17 pathway-associated genes is mainly studied in colonic disease. The present study assessed the mRNA expression levels of Th17 effector cytokines ( IL17A ,  IL17F ,  IL21 ,  IL22  and  IL26 ) and genes involved in differentiation ( IL6 ,  IL1B ,  TGFB1 ,  IL23A  and  STAT3 ) and recruitment of Th17 cells ( CCR6  and  CCL20 ) by quantitative real-time PCR analysis of colonic and ileal biopsies from 22 healthy control subjects, 26 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 12 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Inflammation was quantified by measuring expression of the inflammatory mediators  IL8  and  TNF .    Results  Evaluation of mRNA expression levels in colonic and ileal control samples revealed that  TNF ,  TGFB1 ,  STAT3  and  CCR6  were expressed at higher levels in the ileum than in the colon. Expression of all the Th17 pathway-associated genes was increased in inflamed colonic samples. The increased expression of these genes was predominantly observed in samples from UC patients and was associated with more intense inflammation. Although increased expression of  IL17A ,  IL17F ,  IL21  and  IL26  was detected in inflamed ileal samples, expression of the indispensable Th17 cell differentiation factors  TGFB1  and  IL23A , the signaling molecule  STAT3  and the Th17 recruitment factors  CCR6  and  CCL20  were unchanged.    Conclusions  Our findings suggest that immune regulation is different in colonic and ileal disease, which might have important consequences for therapeutic intervention.

Differential mucosal expression of Th17-related genes between the inflamed colon and ileum of patients with inflammatory bowel disease