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Background  In sandflies, the blood meal is responsible for the induction of several physiologic processes that culminate in egg development and maturation. During blood feeding, infected sandflies are also able to transmit the parasite Leishmania to a suitable host. Many blood-induced molecules play significant roles during Leishmania development in the sandfly midgut, including parasite killing within the endoperitrophic space. In this work, we randomly sequenced transcripts from three distinct high quality full-length female  Phlebotomus papatasi  midgut-specific cDNA libraries from sugar-fed, blood-fed and  Leishmania major -infected sandflies. Furthermore, we compared the transcript expression profiles from the three different cDNA libraries by customized bioinformatics analysis and validated these findings by semi-quantitative PCR and real-time PCR.    Results  Transcriptome analysis of 4010 cDNA clones resulted in the identification of the most abundant  P. papatasi  midgut-specific transcripts. The identified molecules included those with putative roles in digestion and peritrophic matrix formation, among others. Moreover, we identified sandfly midgut transcripts that are expressed only after a blood meal, such as microvilli associated-like protein ( PpMVP1 ,  PpMVP2  and  PpMVP3 ), a peritrophin ( PpPer1 ), trypsin 4 ( PpTryp4 ), chymotrypsin  PpChym2 , and two unknown proteins. Of interest, many of these overabundant transcripts such as  PpChym2 ,  PpMVP1 ,  PpMVP2, PpPer1  and  PpPer2  were of lower abundance when the sandfly was given a blood meal in the presence of  L. major .    Conclusion  This tissue-specific transcriptome analysis provides a comprehensive look at the repertoire of transcripts present in the midgut of the sandfly  P. papatasi . Furthermore, the customized bioinformatic analysis allowed us to compare and identify the overall transcript abundance from sugar-fed, blood-fed and Leishmania-infected sandflies. The suggested upregulation of specific transcripts in a blood-fed cDNA library were validated by real-time PCR, suggesting that this customized bioinformatic analysis is a powerful and accurate tool useful in analysing expression profiles from different cDNA libraries. Additionally, the findings presented in this work suggest that the Leishmania parasite is modulating key enzymes or proteins in the gut of the sandfly that may be beneficial for its establishment and survival.

bmc genomics

Exploring the midgut transcriptome of Phlebotomus papatasi: comparative analysis of expression profiles of sugar-fed, blood-fed and Leishmania major-infected sandflies