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Background  Phenotypic plasticity in defensive traits occurs in many species when facing heterogeneous predator regimes. The waterflea  Daphnia  is well-known for showing a variety of these so called inducible defences. However, molecular mechanisms underlying this plasticity are poorly understood so far. We performed proteomic analysis on  Daphnia magna  exposed to chemical cues of the predator  Triops cancriformis .  D. magna  develops an array of morphological changes in the presence of  Triops  including changes of carapace morphology and cuticle hardening.    Results  Using the 2D-DIGE technique, 1500 protein spots could be matched and quantified. We discovered 179 protein spots with altered intensity when comparing  Triops  exposed animals to a control group, and 69 spots were identified using nano-LC MS/MS. Kairomone exposure increased the intensity of spots containing muscle proteins, cuticle proteins and chitin-modifying enzymes as well as enzymes of carbohydrate and energy metabolism. The yolk precursor protein vitellogenin decreased in abundance in 41 of 43 spots.    Conclusion  Identified proteins may be either directly involved in carapace stability or reflect changes in energy demand and allocation costs in animals exposed to predator kairomones. Our results present promising candidate proteins involved in the expression of inducible defences in  Daphnia  and enable further in depth analysis of this phenomenon.

Proteomic analysis of Daphnia magna hints at molecular pathways involved in defensive plastic responses