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Background  Within the genus  Streptococcus , only  Streptococcus thermophilus  is used as a starter culture in food fermentations.  Streptococcus macedonicus  though, which belongs to the  Streptococcus bovis / Streptococcus equinus  complex (SBSEC), is also frequently isolated from fermented foods mainly of dairy origin. Members of the SBSEC have been implicated in human endocarditis and colon cancer. Here we compare the genome sequence of the dairy isolate  S. macedonicus  ACA-DC 198 to the other SBSEC genomes in order to assess  in silico  its potential adaptation to milk and its pathogenicity status.    Results  Despite the fact that the SBSEC species were found tightly related based on whole genome phylogeny of streptococci, two distinct patterns of evolution were identified among them.  Streptococcus macedonicus, Streptococcus infantarius  CJ18 and  Streptococcus pasteurianus  ATCC 43144 seem to have undergone reductive evolution resulting in significantly diminished genome sizes and increased percentages of potential pseudogenes when compared to  Streptococcus gallolyticus  subsp.  gallolyticus . In addition, the three species seem to have lost genes for catabolizing complex plant carbohydrates and for detoxifying toxic substances previously linked to the ability of  S. gallolyticus  to survive in the rumen. Analysis of the  S. macedonicus  genome revealed features that could support adaptation to milk, including an extra gene cluster for lactose and galactose metabolism, a proteolytic system for casein hydrolysis, auxotrophy for several vitamins, an increased ability to resist bacteriophages and horizontal gene transfer events with the dairy  Lactococcus lactis  and  S. thermophilus  as potential donors. In addition,  S. macedonicus  lacks several pathogenicity-related genes found in  S. gallolyticus . For example,  S. macedonicus  has retained only one (i.e. the  pil3 ) of the three pilus gene clusters which may mediate the binding of  S. gallolyticus  to the extracellular matrix. Unexpectedly, similar findings were obtained not only for the dairy  S. infantarius  CJ18, but also for the blood isolate  S. pasteurianus  ATCC 43144.    Conclusions  Our whole genome analyses suggest traits of adaptation of  S. macedonicus  to the nutrient-rich dairy environment. During this process the bacterium gained genes presumably important for this new ecological niche. Finally,  S. macedonicus  carries a reduced number of putative SBSEC virulence factors, which suggests a diminished pathogenic potential.

bmc genomics

Comparative genomics of the dairy isolate Streptococcus macedonicus ACA-DC 198 against related members of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex