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Background   Dirofilaria immitis , or canine heartworm, is a filarial nematode parasite that infects dogs and other mammals worldwide. Current disease control relies on regular administration of anthelmintic preventives, however, relatively poor compliance and evidence of developing drug resistance could warrant alternative measures against  D. immitis  and related human filarial infections be taken. As with many other filarial nematodes,  D. immitis  contains  Wolbachia,  an obligate bacterial endosymbiont thought to be involved in providing certain critical metabolites to the nematode. Correlations between nematode and  Wolbachia  transcriptomes during development have not been examined. Therefore, we detailed the developmental transcriptome of both  D. immitis  and its  Wolbachia  ( w Di) in order to gain a better understanding of parasite-endosymbiont interactions throughout the nematode life cycle.    Results  Over 215 million single-end 50 bp reads were generated from total RNA from  D. immitis  adult males and females, microfilariae (mf) and third and fourth-stage larvae (L3 and L4). We critically evaluated the transcriptomes of the various life cycle stages to reveal sex-biased transcriptional patterns, as well as transcriptional differences between larval stages that may be involved in larval maturation. Hierarchical clustering revealed both  D. immitis  and  w Di transcriptional activity in the L3 stage is clearly distinct from other life cycle stages. Interestingly, a large proportion of both  D. immitis  and  w Di genes display microfilarial-biased transcriptional patterns. Concurrent transcriptome sequencing identified potential molecular interactions between parasite and endosymbiont that are more prominent during certain life cycle stages. In support of metabolite provisioning between filarial nematodes and  Wolbachia , the synthesis of the critical metabolite, heme, by  w Di appears to be synchronized in a stage-specific manner (mf-specific) with the production of heme-binding proteins in  D. immitis .    Conclusions  Our integrated transcriptomic study has highlighted interesting correlations between  Wolbachia  and  D. immitis  transcription throughout the life cycle and provided a resource that may be used for the development of novel intervention strategies, not only for the treatment and prevention of  D. immitis  infections, but of other closely related human parasites as well.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1041) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc genomics

Concurrent transcriptional profiling of Dirofilaria immitis and its Wolbachia endosymbiont throughout the nematode life cycle reveals coordinated gene expression