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Background  Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease afflicting more than 120 million people, while another 1.3 billion people are at risk of infection. The nematode worm  Brugia malayi  is one of the causative agents of the disease and exists in a mutualistic symbiosis with  Wolbachia  bacteria. Since extensive lateral gene transfer occurs frequently between  Wolbachia  and its hosts, we sought to measure the extent of such LGT in  B. malayi  by whole genome sequencing of  Wolbachia -depleted worms.    Results  A considerable fraction (at least 115.4-kbp, or 10.6%) of the 1.08-Mbp  Wolbachia w Bm genome has been transferred to its nematode host and retains high levels of similarity, including 227  w Bm genes and gene fragments. Complete open reading frames were transferred for 32 of these genes, meaning they have the potential to produce functional proteins. Moreover, four transfers have evidence of life stage-specific regulation of transcription at levels similar to other nematode transcripts, strengthening the possibility that they are functional.    Conclusions  There is extensive and ongoing transfer of  Wolbachia  DNA to the worm genome and some transfers are transcribed in a stage-specific manner at biologically relevant levels.

bmc genomics

Extensively duplicated and transcriptionally active recent lateral gene transfer from a bacterial Wolbachia endosymbiont to its host filarial nematode Brugia malayi