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Background  We hypothesized that genes that are up-regulated in the uterine endometrium at the initiation of conceptus elongation in cattle, and that encode for secreted proteins, contribute to the composition of the uterine luminal fluid (ULF) and ultimately, drive conceptus elongation. The aims of this study were to: 1) screen endometrial transcriptomic data for genes that encode secreted proteins on Day 13; 2) determine temporal changes in the expression of these genes during the estrous cycle/early pregnancy; 3) determine if expression of these genes is affected by altered concentrations of progesterone (P4)  in vivo  and 4) determine if the protein products of these genes are detectable in ULF.    Results  Of the fourteen candidate genes examined, quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed the expression of  APOA1 ,  ARSA ,  DCN ,  LCAT ,  MUC13 ,  NCDN ,  NMN ,  NPNT ,  NXPH3 ,  PENK ,  PLIN2  and  TINAGL1  was modulated in the endometrium (P<0.05) as the estrous cycle/early pregnancy progressed.  APOA1 ,  DCN  and  NPNT  expression was higher in cyclic compared to pregnant heifers, and pregnancy increased (P<0.05) the expression of  LCAT ,  NCDN ,  NMN ,  PLIN2  and  TINAGL1 . The magnitude of the increase in expression of  APOA1 ,  PENK  and  TINAGL1  on Day 13 was reduced (P<0.05) in heifers with low P4. Furthermore, low P4 decreased (P<0.05) the expression of  LCAT  and  NPNT  on Day 7, while an early increase (P<0.05) in the expression of  NXPH3  and  PLIN2  was observed in heifers with high P4. The protein products of 5 of the candidate genes ( APOA1, ARSA, LCAT, NCDN  and  PLIN ) were detected in the ULF on either Days 13, 16 or 19 of pregnancy.    Conclusion  Using a candidate gene approach, we determined that both P4 concentration and the presence of the conceptus alter endometrial expression of  PLIN2 ,  TINAGL1 ,  NPNT ,  LCAT ,  NMN  and  APOA1 . Comparison of the expression profiles of these genes to proteins detected in ULF during conceptus elongation (i.e., Days 13 through 19) revealed the presence of APOA1, ARSA, LCAT, NCDN as well as members of the PLIN family of proteins that may play roles in driving conceptus elongation in cattle.

Alterations in expression of endometrial genes coding for proteins secreted into the uterine lumen during conceptus elongation in cattle