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Background   Thermacetogenium phaeum  is a thermophilic strictly anaerobic bacterium oxidizing acetate to CO 2  in syntrophic association with a methanogenic partner. It can also grow in pure culture, e.g., by fermentation of methanol to acetate. The key enzymes of homoacetate fermentation (Wood-Ljungdahl pathway) are used both in acetate oxidation and acetate formation. The obvious reversibility of this pathway in this organism is of specific interest since syntrophic acetate oxidation operates close to the energetic limitations of microbial life.    Results  The genome of  Th. phaeum  is organized on a single circular chromosome and has a total size of 2,939,057 bp. It comprises 3.215 open reading frames of which 75% could be assigned to a gene function. The G+C content is 53.88 mol%. Many CRISPR sequences were found, indicating heavy phage attack in the past. A complete gene set for a phage was found in the genome, and indications of phage action could also be observed in culture. The genome contained all genes required for CO 2  reduction through the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, including two formyl tetrahydrofolate ligases, three carbon monoxide dehydrogenases, one formate hydrogenlyase complex, three further formate dehydrogenases, and three further hydrogenases. The bacterium contains a menaquinone MQ-7. No indications of cytochromes or Rnf complexes could be found in the genome.    Conclusions  The information obtained from the genome sequence indicates that  Th. phaeum  differs basically from the three homoacetogenic bacteria sequenced so far, i.e., the sodium ion-dependent  Acetobacterium woodii,  the ethanol-producing  Clostridium ljungdahlii , and the cytochrome-containing  Moorella thermoacetica . The specific enzyme outfit of  Th. phaeum  obviously allows ATP formation both in acetate formation and acetate oxidation.

Genome-guided analysis of physiological and morphological traits of the fermentative acetate oxidizer Thermacetogenium phaeum