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Background  Heat shock transcriptional factors (Hsfs) play a crucial role in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress conditions and in plant growth and development. Apple ( Malus domestica  Borkh) is an economically important fruit tree whose genome has been fully sequenced. So far, no detailed characterization of the Hsf gene family is available for this crop plant.    Results  A genome-wide analysis was carried out in  Malus domestica  to identify heat shock transcriptional factor ( Hsf ) genes, named  MdHsfs . Twenty five  MdHsfs  were identified and classified in three main groups (class A, B and C) according to the structural characteristics and to the phylogenetic comparison with  Arabidopsis thaliana  and  Populus trichocarpa.  Chromosomal duplications were analyzed and segmental duplications were shown to have occurred more frequently in the expansion of  Hsf  genes in the apple genome. Furthermore,  MdHsfs  transcripts were detected in several apple organs, and expression changes were observed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis in developing flowers and fruits as well as in leaves, harvested from trees grown in the field and exposed to the naturally increased temperatures.    Conclusions  The apple genome comprises 25 full length Hsf genes. The data obtained from this investigation contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of the Hsf gene family in apple, and provide the basis for further studies to dissect Hsf function during development as well as in response to environmental stimuli.

Heat shock transcriptional factors in Malus domestica: identification, classification and expression analysis