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Background  Soybean ( Glycine max  (L. Merr.)) resistance to any population of  Heterodera glycines  (I.), or  Fusarium virguliforme  (Akoi, O’Donnell, Homma & Lattanzi) required a functional allele at  Rhg1/Rfs2 .  H. glycines , the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) was an ancient, endemic, pest of soybean whereas  F. virguliforme  causal agent of sudden death syndrome (SDS), was a recent, regional, pest. This study examined the role of a receptor like kinase (RLK)  GmRLK18-1  (gene model  Glyma_18_02680  at 1,071 kbp on chromosome 18 of the genome sequence) within the  Rhg1/Rfs2  locus in causing resistance to SCN and SDS.    Results  A BAC (B73p06) encompassing the  Rhg1/Rfs2  locus was sequenced from a resistant cultivar and compared to the sequences of two susceptible cultivars from which 800 SNPs were found. Sequence alignments inferred that the resistance allele was an introgressed region of about 59 kbp at the center of which the  GmRLK18-1  was the most polymorphic gene and encoded protein. Analyses were made of plants that were either heterozygous at, or transgenic (and so hemizygous at a new location) with, the resistance allele of  GmRLK18-1 . Those plants infested with either  H. glycines  or  F. virguliforme  showed that the allele for resistance was dominant. In the absence of  Rhg4  the GmRLK18-1 was sufficient to confer nearly complete resistance to both root and leaf symptoms of SDS caused by  F. virguliforme  and provided partial resistance to three different populations of nematodes (mature female cysts were reduced by 30–50%). In the presence of  Rhg4  the plants with the transgene were nearly classed as fully resistant to SCN (females reduced to 11% of the susceptible control) as well as SDS. A reduction in the rate of early seedling root development was also shown to be caused by the resistance allele of the  GmRLK18-1 . Field trials of transgenic plants showed an increase in foliar susceptibility to insect herbivory.    Conclusions  The inference that soybean has adapted part of an existing pathogen recognition and defense cascade ( H.glycines ; SCN and insect herbivory) to a new pathogen ( F. virguliforme;  SDS) has broad implications for crop improvement. Stable resistance to many pathogens might be achieved by manipulation the genes encoding a small number of pathogen recognition proteins.

bmc genomics

The receptor like kinase at Rhg1-a/Rfs2 caused pleiotropic resistance to sudden death syndrome and soybean cyst nematode as a transgene by altering signaling responses