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Background  Carotenoids are isoprenoid pigments, essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection in plants. The enzyme phytoene synthase (PSY) plays an essential role in mediating condensation of two geranylgeranyl diphosphate molecules, the first committed step in carotenogenesis. PSY are nuclear enzymes encoded by a small gene family consisting of three paralogous genes ( PSY 1-3) that have been widely characterized in rice, maize and sorghum.    Results  In wheat, for which yellow pigment content is extremely important for flour colour, only  PSY 1 has been extensively studied because of its association with QTLs reported for yellow pigment whereas  PSY 2 has been partially characterized. Here, we report the isolation of bread wheat  PSY 3 genes from a  Renan  BAC library using  Brachypodium  as a model genome for the  Triticeae  to develop Conserved Orthologous Set markers prior to gene cloning and sequencing. Wheat  PSY 3 homoeologous genes were sequenced and annotated, unravelling their novel structure associated with intron-loss events and consequent exonic fusions. A wheat  PSY 3 promoter region was also investigated for the presence of  cis -acting elements involved in the response to abscisic acid (ABA), since carotenoids also play an important role as precursors of signalling molecules devoted to plant development and biotic/abiotic stress responses. Expression of wheat PSYs in leaves and roots was investigated during ABA treatment to confirm the up-regulation of  PSY 3 during abiotic stress.    Conclusions  We investigated the structural and functional determinisms of PSY genes in wheat. More generally, among eudicots and monocots, the PSY gene family was found to be associated with differences in gene copy numbers, allowing us to propose an evolutionary model for the entire PSY gene family in Grasses.

Deciphering the genomic structure, function and evolution of carotenogenesis related phytoene synthases in grasses