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Background   Macrophomina phaseolina  is an emerging and devastating fungal pathogen that causes significant losses in crop production under high temperatures and drought stress. An increasing number of disease incidence reports highlight the wide prevalence of the pathogen around the world and its contribution toward crop yield suppression. In cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata  (L) Walp.], limited sources of low-level host resistance have been identified, the genetic basis of which is unknown. In this study we report on the identification of strong sources of host resistance to  M. phaseolina  and the genetic mapping of putative resistance loci on a cowpea genetic map comprised of gene-derived single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs).    Results  Nine quantitative trait loci (QTLs), accounting for between 6.1 and 40.0% of the phenotypic variance (R 2 ), were identified using plant mortality data taken over three years in field experiments and disease severity scores taken from two greenhouse experiments. Based on annotated genic SNPs as well as synteny with soybean ( Glycine max ) and  Medicago truncatula , candidate resistance genes were found within mapped QTL intervals. QTL  Mac-2  explained the largest percent R 2  and was identified in three field and one greenhouse experiments where the QTL peak co-located with a SNP marker derived from a pectin esterase inhibitor encoding gene. Maturity effects on the expression of resistance were indicated by the co-location of  Mac-6  and  Mac-7  QTLs with maturity-related senescence QTLs  Mat-2  and  Mat-1 , respectively. Homologs of the  ELF4  and  FLK  flowering genes were found in corresponding syntenic soybean regions. Only three  Macrophomina  resistance QTLs co-located with delayed drought-induced premature senescence QTLs previously mapped in the same population, suggesting that largely different genetic mechanisms mediate cowpea response to drought stress and  Macrophomina  infection.    Conclusion  Effective sources of host resistance were identified in this study. QTL mapping and synteny analysis identified genomic loci harboring resistance factors and revealed candidate genes with potential for further functional genomics analysis.

bmc genomics

Genic SNP markers and legume synteny reveal candidate genes underlying QTL for Macrophomina phaseolina resistance and maturity in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.]