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Background  The  repABC  plasmid family, which is extensively present within  Alphaproteobacteria , and some secondary chromosomes of the  Rhizobiales  have the particular feature that all the elements involved in replication and partitioning reside within one transcriptional unit, the  repABC  operon. Given the functional interactions among the elements of the  repABC  operon, and the fact that they all reside in the same operon, a common evolutionary history would be expected if the entire operon had been horizontally transferred. Here, we tested whether there is a common evolutionary history within the  repABC  operon. We further examined different incompatibility groups in terms of their differentiation and degree of adaptation to their host.    Results  We did not find a single evolutionary history within the  repABC  operon. Each protein had a particular phylogeny, horizontal gene transfer events of the individual genes within the operon were detected, and different functional constraints were found within and between the Rep proteins. When different  repABC  operons coexisted in the same genome, they were well differentiated from one another. Finally, we found different levels of adaptation to the host genome within and between  repABC  operons coexisting in the same species.    Conclusion  Horizontal gene transfer with conservation of the  repABC  operon structure provides a highly dynamic operon in which each member of this operon has its own evolutionary dynamics. In addition, it seems that different incompatibility groups present in the same species have different degrees of adaptation to their host genomes, in proportion to the amount of time the incompatibility group has coexisted with the host genome.

Horizontal gene transfer and diverse functional constrains within a common replication-partitioning system in Alphaproteobacteria: the repABC operon