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Background  The taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of the genus  Phyllomedusa  have been amply discussed. The marked morphological similarities among some species hamper the reliable identification of specimens and may often lead to their incorrect taxonomic classification on the sole basis of morphological traits. Phenotypic variation was observed among populations assigned to either  P. azurea  or  P. hypochondrialis . In order to evaluate whether the variation observed in populations assigned to  P. hypochondrialis  is related to that in genotypes, a cytogenetic analysis was combined with phylogenetic inferences based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequences.    Results  The inter- and intra-population variation in the external morphology observed among the specimens analyzed in the present study do not reflect the phylogenetic relationships among populations. A monophyletic clade was recovered, grouping all the specimens identified as  P. hypochondrialis  and specimens assigned  P. azurea  from Minas Gerais state. This clade is characterized by conserved chromosomal morphology and a common C-banding pattern. Extensive variation in the nucleolar organizing region (NOR) was observed among populations, with four distinct NOR positions being recognized in the karyotypes. Intra-population polymorphism of the additional rDNA clusters observed in specimens from Barreiras, Bahia state, also highlights the marked genomic instability of the rDNA in the genome of this group. Based on the topology obtained in the phylogenetic analyses, the re-evaluation of the taxonomic status of the specimens from the southernmost population known in Brazil is recommended.    Conclusions  The results of this study support the need for a thorough revision of the phenotypic features used to discriminate  P. azurea  and  P. hypochondrialis . The phylogenetic data presented here also contribute to an extension of the geographic range of  P. hypochondrialis , which is known to occur in the Amazon basin and neighboring areas of the Cerrado savanna, where it may be sympatric with  P. azurea , within contact zones. The misidentification of specimens may have led to inconsistencies in the original definition of the geographic range of  P. azurea . The variability observed in the NOR of  P. hypochondrialis  reinforces the conclusion that these sites represent hotspots of rearrangement. Intraspecific variation in the location of these sites is the result of constant rearrangements that are not detected by classical cytogenetic methods or are traits of an ancestral, polymorphic karyotype, which would not be phylogenetically informative for this group.

bmc genomic data

Evaluation of the taxonomic status of populations assigned to Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis (Anura, Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae) based on molecular, chromosomal, and morphological approach