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Background   Dendropsophus  is a monophyletic anuran genus with a diploid number of 30 chromosomes as an important synapomorphy. However, the internal phylogenetic relationships of this genus are poorly understood. Interestingly, an intriguing interspecific variation in the telocentric chromosome number has been useful in species identification. To address certain uncertainties related to one of the species groups of  Dendropsophus , the  D. microcephalus  group, we carried out a cytogenetic analysis combined with phylogenetic inferences based on mitochondrial sequences, which aimed to aid in the analysis of chromosomal characters. Populations of  Dendropsophus nanus ,  Dendropsophus walfordi ,  Dendropsophus sanborni ,  Dendropsophus jimi  and  Dendropsophus elianeae , ranging from the extreme south to the north of Brazil, were cytogenetically compared. A mitochondrial region of the ribosomal 12S gene from these populations, as well as from 30 other species of  Dendropsophus , was used for the phylogenetic inferences. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses.    Results  The species  D. nanus  and  D. walfordi  exhibited identical karyotypes (2n = 30; FN = 52), with four pairs of telocentric chromosomes and a NOR located on metacentric chromosome pair 13. In all of the phylogenetic hypotheses, the paraphyly of  D. nanus  and  D. walfordi  was inferred.  D. sanborni  from Botucatu-SP and Torres-RS showed the same karyotype as  D. jimi , with 5 pairs of telocentric chromosomes (2n = 30; FN = 50) and a terminal NOR in the long arm of the telocentric chromosome pair 12. Despite their karyotypic similarity, these species were not found to compose a monophyletic group. Finally, the phylogenetic and cytogenetic analyses did not cluster the specimens of  D. elianeae  according to their geographical occurrence or recognized morphotypes.    Conclusions  We suggest that a taxonomic revision of the taxa  D. nanus  and  D. walfordi  is quite necessary. We also observe that the number of telocentric chromosomes is useful to distinguish among valid species in some cases, although it is unchanged in species that are not necessarily closely related phylogenetically. Therefore, inferences based on this chromosomal character must be made with caution; a proper evolutionary analysis of the karyotypic variation in  Dendropsophus  depends on further characterization of the telocentric chromosomes found in this group.

Comparative cytogenetic analysis of some species of the Dendropsophus microcephalus group (Anura, Hylidae) in the light of phylogenetic inferences