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Background  Calving efficiency can be described as the measure of a cow’s ability to produce viable offspring within a specific period of time. This trait is crucial in beef cattle because calves are necessary both for the production of beef and for heifer replacements. Recently, the number of calves produced at 4 years of age (NCP 4 ) has been used to evaluate the calving efficiency of Japanese Black cattle. To identify variants associated with calving efficiency in Japanese Black cattle, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 688 animals with extreme NCP 4  values selected from 15,225 animals.    Results  We identified genetic variants on bovine chromosome 12 (BTA12) that were associated with NCP 4 . The  General Transcription Factor IIF, polypeptide 2  ( GTF2F2 ), located in the 132 kbp-associated region, proved to be in strong linkage disequilibrium. We found 15 associated variants in the promoter and the 3' UTR regions. Consistent with this finding, transcripts of  GTF2F2  derived from the haplotype ( Q ) with the increased number of calves were 1.33-fold more abundant than  q -derived transcripts. Furthermore, luciferase assays revealed that the activity of the 3' UTR, a region that includes nine SNPs, was higher in constructs with the  Q  haplotype than in those with the  q  haplotype by approximately 1.35-fold. In contrast, the activity of the promoter region did not differ between haplotypes. The association was replicated in an independent sample of 827 animals that were randomly selected from the remainder of the cohort from the same farms used in the GWAS. In the replicated population, the frequency of the  Q  haplotype is 0.313, and this haplotype accounts for 2.69% of the total phenotypic variance. The effect of the  Q  to  q  haplotype substitution on NCP 4  was 0.054 calves. These findings suggest that variants in the 3' UTR of  GTF2F2  affect the level of  GTF2F2  mRNA, which is associated with calving efficiency.    Conclusions  This GWAS has identified variants in the 3’ UTR of  GTF2F2  that were associated with the NCP 4  of Japanese Black cattle, and this association was validated in an independent sample. The  Q  haplotype will be immediately useful in improving the calving efficiency of Japanese Black cattle.

Variants in the 3' UTR of General Transcription Factor IIF, polypeptide 2 affect female calving efficiency in Japanese Black cattle