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Background  Stress, elicited for example by aggressive interactions, has negative effects on various biological functions including immune defence, reproduction, growth, and, in livestock, on product quality. Stress response and aggressiveness are mutually interrelated and show large interindividual variation, partly attributable to genetic factors. In the pig little is known about the molecular-genetic background of the variation in stress responsiveness and aggressiveness. To identify candidate genes we analyzed association of DNA markers in each of ten genes ( CRH  g.233C>T,  CRHR1  c.*866_867insA,  CRHBP  c.51G>A,  POMC  c.293_298del,  MC2R  c.306T>G,  NR3C1  c.*2122A>G,  AVP  c.207A>G,  AVPR1B  c.1084A>G,  UCN  g.1329T>C,  CRHR2  c.*13T>C) related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, one of the main stress-response systems, with various stress- and aggression-related parameters at slaughter. These parameters were: physiological measures of the stress response (plasma concentrations of cortisol, creatine kinase, glucose, and lactate), adrenal weight (which is a parameter reflecting activity of the central branch of the HPA axis over time) and aggressive behaviour (measured by means of lesion scoring) in the context of psychosocial stress of mixing individuals with different aggressive temperament.    Results  The SNP  NR3C1  c.*2122A>G showed association with cortisol concentration (p = 0.024), adrenal weight (p = 0.003) and aggressive behaviour (front lesion score, p = 0.012; total lesion score p = 0.045). The SNP  AVPR1B  c.1084A>G showed a highly significant association with aggressive behaviour (middle lesion score, p = 0.007; total lesion score p = 0.003). The SNP  UCN  g.1329T>C showed association with adrenal weight (p = 0.019) and aggressive behaviour (front lesion score, p = 0.029). The SNP  CRH  g.233C>T showed a significant association with glucose concentration (p = 0.002), and the polymorphisms  POMC  c.293_298del and  MC2R  c.306T>G with adrenal weight (p = 0.027 and p < 0.0001 respectively).    Conclusions  The multiple and consistent associations shown by SNP in  NR3C1  and  AVPR1B  provide convincing evidence for genuine effects of their DNA sequence variation on stress responsiveness and aggressive behaviour. Identification of the causal functional molecular polymorphisms would not only provide markers useful for pig breeding but also insight into the molecular bases of the stress response and aggressive behaviour in general.

Association of HPA axis-related genetic variation with stress reactivity and aggressive behaviour in pigs