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Background  Patterns of mtDNA variation within a species reflect long-term population structure, but may also be influenced by maternally inherited endosymbionts, such as  Wolbachia . These bacteria often alter host reproductive biology and can drive particular mtDNA haplotypes through populations. We investigated the impacts of  Wolbachia  infection and geography on mtDNA variation in the diamondback moth, a major global pest whose geographic distribution reflects both natural processes and transport via human agricultural activities.    Results  The mtDNA phylogeny of 95 individuals sampled from 10 countries on four continents revealed two major clades. One contained only  Wolbachia -infected individuals from Malaysia and Kenya, while the other contained only uninfected individuals, from all countries including Malaysia and Kenya. Within the uninfected group was a further clade containing all individuals from Australasia and displaying very limited sequence variation. In contrast, a biparental nuclear gene phylogeny did not have infected and uninfected clades, supporting the notion that maternally-inherited  Wolbachia  are responsible for the mtDNA pattern. Only about 5% (15/306) of our global sample of individuals was infected with the  plutWB1  isolate and even within infected local populations, many insects were uninfected. Comparisons of infected and uninfected isofemale lines revealed that  plutWB1  is associated with sex ratio distortion. Uninfected lines have a 1:1 sex ratio, while infected ones show a 2:1 female bias.    Conclusion  The main correlate of mtDNA variation in  P. xylostella  is presence or absence of the  plutWB1  infection. This is associated with substantial sex ratio distortion and the underlying mechanisms deserve further study. In contrast, geographic origin is a poor predictor of moth mtDNA sequences, reflecting human activity in moving the insects around the globe. The exception is a clade of Australasian individuals, which may reflect a bottleneck during their recent introduction to this region.

Effects of a sex-ratio distorting endosymbiont on mtDNA variation in a global insect pest