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Background  The coral skeleton consists of CaCO 3  deposited upon an organic matrix primarily as aragonite. Currently galaxin, from  Galaxea fascicularis , is the only soluble protein component of the organic matrix that has been characterized from a coral. Three genes related to  galaxin  were identified in the coral  Acropora millepora .    Results  One of the  Acropora  genes ( Amgalaxin ) encodes a clear galaxin ortholog, while the others ( Amgalaxin-like 1  and  Amgalaxin-like 2 ) encode larger and more divergent proteins. All three proteins are predicted to be extracellular and share common structural features, most notably the presence of repetitive motifs containing dicysteine residues. In situ hybridization reveals distinct, but partially overlapping, spatial expression of the genes in patterns consistent with distinct roles in calcification. Both of the  Amgalaxin-like  genes are expressed exclusively in the early stages of calcification, while  Amgalaxin  continues to be expressed in the adult, consistent with the situation in the coral  Galaxea .    Conclusion  Comparisons with molluscs suggest functional convergence in the two groups; lustrin A/pearlin proteins may be the mollusc counterparts of galaxin, whereas the galaxin-like proteins combine characteristics of two distinct proteins involved in mollusc calcification. Database searches indicate that, although sequences with high similarity to the galaxins are restricted to the Scleractinia, more divergent members of this protein family are present in other cnidarians and some other metazoans. We suggest that ancestral galaxins may have been secondarily recruited to roles in calcification in the Triassic, when the Scleractinia first appeared. Understanding the evolution of the broader galaxin family will require wider sampling and expression analysis in a range of cnidarians and other animals.

Differential expression of three galaxin-related genes during settlement and metamorphosis in the scleractinian coral Acropora millepora