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Background  Sperm and testes-expressed  Adam  genes have been shown to undergo bouts of positive selection in mammals. Despite the pervasiveness of positive selection signals, it is unclear what has driven such selective bouts. The fact that only sperm surface  Adam  genes show signals of positive selection within their adhesion domain has led to speculation that selection might be driven by species-specific adaptations to fertilization or sperm competition. Alternatively, duplications and neofunctionalization of  Adam  sperm surface genes, particularly as it is now understood in rodents, might have contributed to an acceleration of evolutionary rates and possibly adaptive diversification.    Results  Here we sequenced and conducted tests of selection within the adhesion domain of sixteen known sperm-surface  Adam  genes among five species of the  Mus  genus. We find evidence of positive selection associated with all six  Adam  genes known to interact to form functional complexes on  Mus  sperm. A subset of these complex-forming sperm genes also displayed accelerated branch evolution with  Adam5  evolving under positive selection. In contrast to our previous findings in primates, selective bouts within  Mus  sperm  Adams  showed no associations to proxies of sperm competition. Expanded phylogenetic analysis including sequence data from other placental mammals allowed us to uncover ancient and recent episodes of adaptive evolution.    Conclusions  The prevailing signals of rapid divergence and positive selection detected within the adhesion domain of interacting sperm  Adams  is driven by duplications and potential neofunctionalizations that are in some cases ancient ( Adams  2, 3 and 5) or more recent ( Adams  1b, 4b and 6).

Positive selection in the adhesion domain of Mus sperm Adam genes through gene duplications and function-driven gene complex formations