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Background  If the geographical displacement of one species by another is accompanied by hybridization, mitochondrial DNA can introgress asymmetrically, from the outcompeted species into the invading species, over a large area. We explore this phenomenon using the two parapatric crested newt species,  Triturus macedonicus  and  T. karelinii , distributed on the Balkan Peninsula in south-eastern Europe, as a model.    Results  We first delimit a ca. 54,000 km 2  area in which  T. macedonicus  contains  T. karelinii  mitochondrial DNA. This introgression zone bisects the range of  T. karelinii , cutting off a  T. karelinii  enclave. The high similarity of introgressed mitochondrial DNA haplotypes with those found in  T. karelinii  suggests a recent transfer across the species boundary. We then use ecological niche modeling to explore habitat suitability of the location of the present day introgression zone under current, mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum conditions. This area was inhospitable during the Last Glacial Maximum for both species, but would have been habitable at the mid-Holocene. Since the mid-Holocene, habitat suitability generally increased for  T. macedonicus , whereas it decreased for  T. karelinii .    Conclusion  The presence of a  T. karelinii  enclave suggests that  T. karelinii  was the first to colonize the area where the present day introgression zone is positioned after the Last Glacial Maximum. Subsequently, we propose  T. karelinii  was outcompeted by  T. macedonicus , which captured  T. karelinii  mitochondrial DNA via introgressive hybridization in the process. Ecological niche modeling suggests that this replacement was likely facilitated by a shift in climate since the mid-Holocene. We suggest that the northwestern part of the current introgression zone was probably never inhabited by  T. karelinii  itself, and that  T. karelinii  mitochondrial DNA spread there through  T. macedonicus  exclusively. Considering the spatial distribution of the introgressed mitochondrial DNA and the signal derived from ecological niche modeling, we do not favor the hypothesis that foreign mitochondrial DNA was pulled into the  T. macedonicus  range by natural selection.

Postglacial species displacement in Triturus newts deduced from asymmetrically introgressed mitochondrial DNA and ecological niche models