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Background  The major islands of the Western Mediterranean--Corsica, Sardinia, and the Balearic Islands--are continental terrenes that drifted towards their present day location following a retreat from their original position on the eastern Iberian Peninsula about 30 million years ago. Several studies have taken advantage of this well-dated geological scenario to calibrate molecular rates in species for which distributions seemed to match this tectonic event. Nevertheless, the use of external calibration points has revealed that most of the present-day fauna on these islands post-dated the opening of the western Mediterranean basin. In this study, we use sequence information of the  cox1 ,  nad1 ,  16S ,  L1 , and  12S  mitochondrial genes and the  18S ,  28S , and  h3  nuclear genes, along with relaxed clock models and a combination of biogeographic and fossil external calibration points, to test alternative historical scenarios of the evolutionary history of the ground-dweller spider genus  Parachtes  (Dysderidae), which is endemic to the region.    Results  We analyse 49 specimens representing populations of most  Parachtes  species and close relatives. Our results reveal that both the sequence of species formation in  Parachtes  and the estimated divergence times match the geochronological sequence of separation of the main islands, suggesting that the diversification of the group was driven by Tertiary plate tectonics. In addition, the confirmation that  Parachtes  diversification matches well-dated geological events provides a model framework to infer substitution rates of molecular markers. Divergence rates estimates ranged from 3.5% My -1  ( nad1 ) to 0.12% My -1  ( 28S ), and the average divergence rate for the mitochondrial genes was 2.25% My -1 , very close to the "standard" arthropod mitochondrial rate (2.3% My -1 ).    Conclusions  Our study provides the first unequivocal evidence of terrestrial endemic fauna of the major western Mediterranean islands, whose origin can be traced back to the Oligocene separation of these islands from the continent. Moreover, our study provides useful information on the divergence rate estimates of the most commonly used genes for phylogenetic inference in non-model arthropods.

Gone with the plate: the opening of the Western Mediterranean basin drove the diversification of ground-dweller spiders